How To Choose And Use A Wheel Chair

What is a wheelchair?

A wheelchair is a chair with wheels that is used to move a person who is not able to walk. Wheelchairs are either manual, or powered by a battery. A manual wheelchair can be pushed by someone or moved by rolling the wheels with your hands. Other wheelchairs have a battery-powered motor that moves the chair.

Why do need a wheelchair  ? 

You may need a wheelchair for a short time or for the rest of your life. Wheelchairs can help you to continue doing activities you enjoy doing. A wheelchair can give you more freedom to do things on your own, such as carrying items from place to place. A wheelchair may help you do more activities if you have had trouble walking. Wheelchairs may also help you to save your strength and energy if you are injured. Your caregiver may want you to use a wheelchair if:

• You have had an illness or injury that does not allow you to walk.
• You are too weak to walk long distances.
• You are recovering from surgery.

What are the different kinds of wheelchairs?


Manual wheelchair: Manual wheelchairs are best for a person with a strong and mobile (movable) upper body (arms, shoulders, back and trunk). There are many different styles of manual wheelchairs. These different styles make it easier to find a chair that meets your needs. Some wheelchairs are very light and some are very heavy. Light wheelchairs are easy to fold and put into a car. They are also easy to move. A heavy wheelchair might be more comfortable for a bigger person than a light wheelchair. Some wheelchairs have parts that can be moved, removed, or changed to fit your needs.

Battery-powered wheelchair:


Some people are not able to move themselves and need a battery-powered wheelchair. The wheelchair batteries are charged at night so that you have enough power to use the chair the next day. There are many different styles of battery-powered wheelchairs. Some wheelchairs can be used on different ground surfaces such as pavement, dirt, and sand. Some battery-powered wheelchairs can be used to climb steps, or raise a person to reach objects.


Battery-powered wheelchairs may have a switch that moves the wheelchair, or a mouthpiece may be used if you cannot use your hands. The wheelchair moves by puffing into, or sipping on the mouthpiece. The mouthpiece may be attached to a tube which is connected to the motor. Another type of battery-powered wheelchair can be moved with a chin device. This chin device may be attached to an arm of the wheelchair that is connected to the battery cable.

What kind of wheelchair should I use?

Because people have different physical (FIZ-i-kal) and personal needs, it is important to choose a wheelchair that is right for you. Special caregivers who are familiar with the different types of wheelchairs can help you choose one. These special caregivers may include physical therapists (THER-ah-pists) and occupational (ok-u-PAY-shun-al) therapists. The wheelchair should meet your physical needs and your lifestyle. Think about features of the wheelchair that you want and need. This will help to make sure that the wheelchair you buy will be right for you..

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Forearm Crutches (Elbow Crutches)

These instructions are guidelines only. Use only as instructed by your healthcare provider.

What are Forearm Crutches Used For? (Figure 1)

Forearm crutches are used for support when walking.

How Do I Adjust the Forearm Crutches? Height

• Stand upright, with your shoulders relaxed and your arms hanging 
   loosely at your sides
• The height of the handgrips should be at the crease of your wrist when 
   your arm is extended. 
• To adjust the height, depress the spring buttons on the leg 
   extensions and lengthen or shorten the extension to achieve the proper
   height. Ensure the spring buttons are fully engaged in the adjustment 
   holes.


• If the height is properly adjusted, your elbow should be bent 
   approximately 30° when you hold the handgrips (Figure 2). 
• Ensure that both crutches are adjusted to an equal height and that all 
   spring buttons are fully engaged in the adjustment holes.
• Rotate all collars to secure leg extensions.

Cuff Adjustment

• The cuff should be adjusted to 1-2 inches below the bend of the elbow.
• To adjust the cuff height, depress the spring buttons on each cuff, 
   and lengthen or shorten the extension to achieve the proper sizing. 
   Ensure the spring button is fully engaged in the adjustment hole.
• Rotate all collars to secure cuffs.
• Widen or narrow the crutch cuffs to help ensure a secure fit around the 
   arms of the user.

How Do I Use the Forearm Crutches?




• A physician or therapist should instruct the user on the proper 
  adjustment and use of the crutches.
WARNING Ensure that spring buttons are fully engaged and 
aligned in the proper adjustment hole of each crutch before use. 
WARNING Cuffs are designed to add stability to the forearm 
crutch. They are not intended to support the user’s weight. 


WARNING Do not subject forearm crutches to sudden impacts or jolts.

How to Adjust Lofstrands Crutches




Lofstrands crutches are also called forearm crutches. They are used as an alternative to a cane, walker or standard crutches if the patient is going to use the crutches for a longer perios of time. Lofstrands crutches give the patient more freedom of movement than other types of crutches. On the downside, Lofstrands crutches are not as naturally stable as underarm crutches, since they are held by the hand in the style of a cane. By adjusting Lofstrands crutches you can ensure mobility and stability.


1 :Hold the crutches next to you while standing up. See if the handle comes up to the crease on your wrist. If it is not high enough, you will have to raise the crutch. If it's too high, you will have to lower it.


2 :Turn one crutch upside down. Press the small metal button that pokes out of one of the holes along the crutch. Pull the shaft out until the button clicks into the next available position if the crutch was too short. Push the shaft in until the button clicks into the next available position if the crutch was too long. Stand back up and check the adjustment. When one crutch is satisfactorily adjusted, set the other crutch to the same point.


3 :Stand back up and place your hand on the hand grip. Check to see if the round cuff sits one to two inches below your elbow. If it does not, press the small metal button located on the shaft between the collar and the hand grip. Pull the shaft out if it was not long enough. Push it in if it was too long. Check the adjustment and do the same to the other cuff.


4 : Press the cuffs in on your arms so that they fit comfortable against the arms when walking.



 

Instructions




1 :Stand the forearm crutches up against your body to make sure that the overall height of each crutch is appropriate. When standing up straight, the handgrip of each forearm crutch should hit approximately where your wrist bends. A series of spring buttons at the bottom end of the crutches alter the height.



2 :Adjust the placement of the cuff on the forearm crutches before you begin to walk with them. Use the spring buttons on the upper half of each crutch to move the cuffs up or down. The cuff should be approximately 1 to 2 inches below where your elbow bends.


3: urn the collar--the lip-type fixture at the end of the lower set of spring buttons--on each crutch. This secures the cuffs so that they will not move around as you walk.


4: Grab the handgrip of the crutches, one in each hand, while placing the cuffs on each forearm. The cuff is shaped like a U; the open end of the U should face outward.




5: Consult your doctor about how you should use the forearm crutches in terms of a walking pattern. Some people use the mobility aid to give them support while walking using both legs. Others may need to keep more weight on one foot due to a particular kind of injury. Each person learns from his medical care provider which crutch to put forward first in relation to stepping.


6 : Place some, but not all, of your body's weight on the handgrip as you walk with forearm crutches. The crutches are not designed to withstand a person's full body weight but act as a support.

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Cerebral Palsy Symptoms

Symptoms of cerebral palsy can be very different between people with this group of disorders. Symptoms may:

• Be very mild or very severe
• Only involve one side of the body or both sides
• Be more pronounced in either the arms or legs, or involve both the arms and legs
• Symptoms are usually seen before a child is 2 years old, and sometimes begin as early as 3 months. Parents may notice that their child is delayed in reaching, and in developmental stages such as sitting, rolling, crawling, or walking.

There are several different types of cerebral palsy. Some people have a mixture of symptoms.


Symptoms of spastic cerebral palsy, the most common type, include:


Muscles that are very tight and do not stretch. They may tighten up even more over time.
Abnormal walk (gait): arms tucked in toward the sides, knees crossed or touching, legs make "scissors" movements, walk on the toes
Joints are tight and do not open up all the way (called joint contracture)
Muscle weakness or loss of movement in a group of muscles (paralysis)
The symptoms may affect one arm or leg, one side of the body, both legs, or both arms and legs
The following symptoms may occur in other types of cerebral palsy:


Abnormal movements (twisting, jerking, or writhing) of the hands, feet, arms, or legs while awake, which gets worse during periods of stress

• Tremors
• Unsteady gait
• Loss of coordination

Floppy muscles, especially at rest, and joints that move around too much
Other brain and nervous system symptoms:


Decreased intelligence or learning disabilities are common, but intelligence can be normal
Speech problems (dysarthria)
Hearing or vision problems
Seizures
Pain, especially in adults (can be difficult to manage)
Eating and digestive symptoms


Difficulty sucking or feeding in infants, or chewing and swallowing in older children and adults
Problems swallowing (at all ages)
Vomiting or constipation
Other symptoms:


Increased drooling
Slower than normal growth
Irregular breathing
Urinary incontinence.

Exams and Tests

A full neurological exam is critical. In older people, testing cognitive function is also important.


The following other tests may be performed:

• Blood tests
• CT scan of the head
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Hearing screen
• MRI of the head
• Vision testing

Treatment

There is no cure for cerebral palsy. The goal of treatment is to help the person be as independent as possible.

Treatment requires a team approach, including:

• Primary care doctor
• Dentist (dental check-ups are recommended around every 6 months)
• Social worker
• Nurses
• Occupational, physical, and speech therapists

Other specialists, including a neurologist, rehabilitation physician, pulmonologist, and gastroenterologist

Treatment is based on the person's symptoms and the need to prevent complications.

Self and home care include:

Getting enough food and nutrition

Keeping the home safe

Performing exercises recommended by the health care providers

Practicing proper bowel care (stool softeners, fluids, fiber, laxatives, regular bowel habits)

Protecting the joints from injury

Putting the child in regular schools is recommended, unless physical disabilities or mental development makes this impossible. Special education or schooling may help.

The following may help with communication and learning:

• Glasses
• Hearing aids
• Muscle and bone braces
• Walking aids
• Wheelchairs

Physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthopedic help, or other treatments may also be needed to help with daily activities and care.

Medications may include:

Anticonvulsants to prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures

Botulinum toxin to help with spasticity and drooling

Muscle relaxants (baclofen) to reduce tremors and spasticity

Surgery may be needed in some cases to:

Control gastroesophageal reflux

Cut certain nerves from the spinal cord to help with pain and spasticity

Place feeding tubes

Release joint contractures

Stress and burnout among parents and other caregivers of cerebral palsy patients is common, and should be monitored.

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Drug Therapy for Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is non-progressive neurological condition which has a large number of associated factors. In real sense, there is no medicine as such which can cure the damage at the brain level. But a large number of medicines can be used to control or reduce the associated factors. 


Mostly associated factors which require medicines are:

• Convulsion
• Spasticity
• Involuntary movements
• Drooling 
• Constipation

Medicines to control convulsions


About one third children with cerebral palsy generally have epilepsy as one of the associated factors. 


The incidence of epilepsy is more seen in CP spastic hemiplegia followed by CP spastic quadriplegia and then CP spastic diplegia. 


The mean age of onset of seizures is 18 months. 60% have seizures onset before the age of 1 year. Children with myoclonic seizures and infantile spasms have seizure onset significantly early in life. 


All types of seizures are seen in children with cerebral palsy. 


There is increased risk of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy if the child has any of the following associated factors: 

• Low birth weight
•  Neonatal seizure
•  Seizure during first year of life
•  Family history of epilepsy
•  Severe form of cerebral palsy
• 
  

Anticonvulsants work in the brain to suppress abnormal or hyperactive brain activity. The seizures suffered by cerebral palsy children are typically caused by overloads of "messages" sent from the brain to the nerves and muscles. Anticonvulsants help in stopping these seizures in cerebral palsy sufferers by blocking these messages. 


Most seizures that happen in cerebral palsy children are either complex-partial or tonic-clonic. Seizures are fairly common in cerebral palsy children, up to one quarter have tonic-clonic seizures and about half of people with cerebral palsy have complex-partial seizures. 


Tonic-clonic seizures usually involve a full loss of motor function. The person falls to the ground after briefly crying out. Their muscles become very tight and stiff and their hands and feet begin to twitch. Afterwards, the person may be confused for some time that can be up to a few weeks. 


A complex partial seizure doesn't involve the convulsions that a tonic-clonic seizure has. Some complex partial seizures may lead to grand mal seizures. A complex partial seizure manifests in varying degrees of severity but is usually marked by a partial lack of consciousness. This may be as slight as being forgetful, but may be as serious as to cause impaired walking. Most people who suffer a complex partial seizure do not remember the event. 


Anticonvulsants help stop these seizures in cerebral palsy children. There are different types of anticonvulsant medications available These anticonvulsants tend to limit the excessive electrical activity that occurs in cerebral palsy related seizures. There have been many successes in treating these seizures with anticonvulsants. 

Conventional antiepileptic drugs: 

Phenytoin, Phenobarbitone, Carbamazipine, Valporic acid.

Newer antiepileptic drugs: 

Oxcarbazepine, Gabapentine, Lamotrizine, Clobazam, Topramate, Levitiracetam, Zonisamide, Pregabalin, Tiagabine, Vigabatrin. 


Side effects of anticonvulsant medication include drowsiness, dizziness, irritability, confusion, vomiting, uncontrolled eye movements, gingivitis, and itching or a rash. Anticonvulsants may also interact negatively with other medications that you may be taking. 


Discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs (AED) in children with cerebral palsy can and should be practiced when possible after patients have been seizure free for at least 2 years. AED discontinuation in children with spastic hemi paresis is significantly more likely to lead to seizures relapse than children with other form of cerebral palsy. 


It is often difficult to control seizures particularly if the child has mental retardation as an associated factor. 


Neurological deficits and mental retardation are poor prognostic factors for seizure relapse after AED discontinuation. 


Polytherapy commonly used in children with cerebral palsy and seizures. 


Long term use of AED which might predispose to osteoporosis is very important issue in cerebral palsy. 


Before starting medicines for epilepsy it is necessary to diagnose the kind and severity of the seizures as some other common condition can mimic as seizures. Such as: breathe holding spell, gastro esophageal reflux, syncope, movement disorders, behavioral events and parasomnias. 

Medicines for reducing spasticity

Since cerebral palsy affects the muscular movements of its sufferers, many anti-spastic medicines for CP target these muscles. These drugs work in different ways to inhibit the muscles and nerves of the body. The muscle relaxants used for treating cerebral palsy work by stopping the muscles from contracting. These medications cease or lessen the severity of several major symptoms occurring in cerebral palsy patients. 


The three primary drugs used in treating symptoms associated with cerebral palsy are muscle relaxants. They are Diazepam, Baclofen, and Dantrolene.





Diazepam is a benzodiazepine, a type of muscle relaxant. Diazepam is also available by the name Valium. The drug acts on muscle contractions in the cerebral palsy patient, relaxing them. 


Mechanism: Increases pre-synaptic inhibition of afferent at spinal cord level. Muscle relaxation by depressing monosynaptic and polysynaptic transmission. 


Uses: It reduces generalized spasticity, hyperreflexia and painful muscle spasms. It improves sleep and reduces anxiety. 


Side effects: Sedation increased drooling, ataxia, cognitive dullness. 


Baclofen is another muscle relaxant that is used in treating symptoms of cerebral palsy. This drug is used to relax muscle spasms, which result in stiff muscles and limbs. This stiffening can cause a number of problems for the cerebral palsy children. While Diazepam works in the brain, Baclofen works in the spinal cord. The effect is that it lowers the amount of signals being sent to the muscles from the spinal cord. During Baclofen treatment, the muscle is more flexible and may respond to pediatric therapy better than before Baclofen treatment. 


Mechanism: Altered release of excitatory neurotransmitters. Depresses monosynaptic and polysynaptic transmission. 


Uses: It reduces generalized spasticity, hyperreflexia and painful muscle spasms. 


Side effects: Weakness, sedation, ataxia, nausea, impaired cognition, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, depression etc. 

Baclofen Withdrawal Syndrome:

Sudden withdrawal may result in a withdrawal syndrome which can be potentially serious. The syndrome is characterized by seizures, hallucinations, hyperthermia, dydesthesia, pruritis, and rebound spasticity. 
Treatment of Baclofen withdrawal syndrome is immediate re-administration of Baclofen. 




Dantrolene is another drug that relaxes the muscles and may provide relief for people suffering from cerebral palsy. Dantrolene sodium lessens the calcium concentration in the muscles around the bones (skeletal muscle). The muscles become less sensitive to signals from the brain and spinal cord. The chemical workings of Dantrolene are not fully understood, but the effects are generally seen as safe. 


Mechanism: Peripheral mechanism of action is in the skeletal muscles. It has no significant effect on cardiac and smooth muscles. 


Uses: it is useful for symptomatic relief of clonuses. 


Side effects: Muscle weakness, hepato-toxicity, drowsiness






Tizanidine: Derivative: alpha-2 adrenergic agonist


Mechanism: Reduces excitatory amino acid release. Depresses polysynaptic release. 


Uses: Muscle relaxant


Side effects: Sedation, hypotension, depression, dry mouth, dizziness, hepatotoxicity. 


Another muscle relaxant called Flexeril is also sometimes used to ease the pain associated with muscle contractions. Flexeril is only prescribed for short-term use. 


There are several side effects of the muscle relaxants for cerebral palsy and the prescribing doctor should monitor them very closely. Chief among these is a dependence on the drugs, in which case the side effects of withdrawal could compound cerebral palsy symptoms. In all cases, long-term use of muscle relaxants for cerebral palsy has seen significant results in improvements of motor function, pain relief, and spasticity associated with cerebral palsy. 


Other agents: Gabapentin, Lamotrigine, Cyproheptadine, Cannabinoid like, Clonidine, etc

Medicines for reducing involuntary movements :




Anti-cholinergic can also be prescribed as part of a drug therapy for cerebral palsy. These drugs improve the body's responses and control and are usually given to patients suffering from awkward movements associated with cerebral palsy. 


Certain Dopaminergic medicine may have benefits for patients with cerebral palsy as well, though studies have only been done in their success and effects on Parkinson's patients. 


A major symptom and associated factors of cerebral palsy is abnormal movements (also known as dystonia, or dyskinesia, depending on the symptoms and other factors). Generally, these movements are due to the misfiring of chemicals in the brain that causes a slight yet uncontrollable muscle spasm. At times, or in different patients, these movements can be severely disabling. 


Two major dopaminergic drugs, which may prove to be helpful in cerebral palsy patients, are Sinemet and Artane. 


Sinemet is a dopaminergic medicine combination of two other drugs: L-dopa and carbidopa. Sinemet has been used successfully for some time in treating abnormal movements in Parkinson's children. 


Sinemet and other dopamine agonists have been long used to treat dyskinesia. Combination treatments are frequent as well, and are usually determined by the severity or frequency of the movements in the cerebral palsy child. They are usually given at an early age because there have been some frequent serious side effects in the elderly when using dopaminergic medicine for cerebral palsy or any other disease. 


These Anticholinergic and dopaminergic medicines block cholinergic nerve impulses that affect the muscles in the arms, legs, and other parts of the body. These medications help regulate muscle movement and motor function. 


Cerebral palsy children using dopaminergic medication may suffer from relapses during the treatment phase. The overall effect, however, does tend to exhibit some amount of improvement in stemming abnormal body movements. Sometimes these movements may be caused by an excess of dopamine, and sometimes by an absence of the brain chemical. These medications can help balance the dopamine levels in the brain that would result in greater motor skill ability. 


It is important to stress that long-term studies have not been done on dopaminergic medicine to treat cerebral palsy. The medications have shown significant results in similar symptoms in Parkinson's patients, however. These results have led to a greater interest in using dopaminergic medication in treatments for cerebral palsy. 

Medicines for reducing drooling : Drooling is unintentional involuntary spillage of saliva from the mouth. A major morbidity associated with cerebral palsy. It is considered as psycho-social consequences such as social stigmatization and emotional devastation for the patients and their families. 



Causes: It is commonly caused by poor oral facial and bulbar muscles control. The major contributing factors are: hyper secretion of saliva, dental malocclusion, postural problems, inability to recognize salivary spill, mouth breathing, excitement and impaired concentration, lack of sensation around the mouth. .




Complications: A lot of complications is caused due to drooling: Peri-oral chapping, dehydration, odor, social stigmatization. 



Medication: There are only a few medicines which helps reducing drooling. Anticholinergic medicines such as Glycopyrrolate and scopolamine help a little bit. 


Side effects: These medicines have lot of side effects. 

Recent development in the management of drooling

Botox injection to parotid and sub-mandibular gland. Surgical procedures such as salivary gland excision, salivary duct ligation, duct rerouting




Medicines for reducing constipation Causes: Gut dysmotility, lack of mobility, spasticity Drugs: Stool softeners, mild laxatives, diet modifications (increasing fibers, fruits, vegetables, fluids) 

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new treatments of cerebral palsy

One of the new treatments for cerebral palsy is selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR). SDR is the only surgical procedure that can provide permanent reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy. During the operation, the neurosurgeon divides each of the dorsal roots in the spine into 3-5 rootlets and stimulates each root electronically. By examining the electrical responses from muscles in the lower extremities, they can identify the rootlets that cause spasticity. The abnormal rootlets are cut, leaving the normal rootlets in tact. This reduces messages to the muscles, resulting in better balance of activities of nerve cells in the spinal cord, and reducing spasticity.

The advantages of SDR over other new treatments of cerebral palsy can be significant. There is a reduced risk of spinal deformities in the later years of life, and reduced hip flexor spasticity by sectioning the first lumbar dorsal root. It also boasts less intense back pain than other surgical procedures and earlier resumption of vigorous physical therapy.

Of all the new treatments for cerebral palsy, SDR has undergone more intense scientific scrutiny than any other surgical treatment. SDR is a long and complicated neurosurgical procedure and complications such as paralysis of the legs and bladder, impotence, and sensory loss may occur.

Another one of the new treatments for cerebral palsy is hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO). HBO therapy is a medical treatment that uses the administration of 100% oxygen at controlled pressure for a time frame between 60 to 90 minutes. Although usually used to treat burns and difficult healing wounds, it is now realized as a new treatment for cerebral palsy. HBO therapy facilitates healing in these conditions by increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood by up to 2000%, depending on the treatment depth. This in turn drastically increases the amount of oxygen at the cellular level.

With brain trauma, some brain cells become dormant due to lack of oxygen, usually caused by reduced blood flow related to swelling. HBO therapy has been shown to reduce swelling of brain tissue by constricting blood vessels. By the increase of the amount of oxygen at the cellular level, it is believed that dormant, oxygen starved brain cells are revived.

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Featured Medical Centers-Stem cell

Progencell-Stem Cell Therapies, Tijuana, Mexico
 
ProgenCell offers a unique approach to international patients researching stem cell treatments and therapies, and encourages research and information so that patients can make a full evaluation, followed by a decision based on evidence, followed by careful planning.


Cellular therapy at ProgenCell is utilized by obtaining adult stem cells found in bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or peripheral blood to treat a variety of chronic disease processes, including Parkinson's Disease. Cells are harvested and then healthy cells are proliferated and multiplied for return through implantation to the patient

Bio Care Hospital & Health Center, Tijuana, Mexico
 
Located in Tijuana, Mexico, Bio Care Hospital is among a growing number of health care facilities offering patients options when it comes to their care. Utilizing an integrative approach to medicine and health and wellness, staff at Bio Care offer the best choices for patients from around the world.


Bio Care Hospital is a beautiful, ultra-modern facility with a warm, inviting design and structure that makes patients feel secure and well-cared for. The small though comfortable interior and surrounding property offers privacy, personalized attention and an inviting atmosphere that aides physical and emotional healing.

Cellteam Biotechnology, Guadalajara, Mexico
 
Cellteam Biotechnology, located in Guadalajara, Mexico, is a stem cell treatment facility dedicated to regenerative medicine and new therapeutic approaches to health and wellness. A leader in stem cell implants and technology, staff and the medical team from Cellteam Biotechnology offer more than five years of experience in offering and conducting successful cellular therapy treatments and organ regeneration methodologies, specializing in pulmonary, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes treatment.


Mexico enjoys some of the most modern and technologically advanced facilities in the world. Providing highly trained and experienced surgeons and physicians, Mexico offers convenience, affordability, and caring and compassionate care, personified in facilities such as Cellteam Biotechnology.

American Stem Cell And Anti Aging Center, Quito, Ecuador

 

The American Stem Cell and Anti Aging Center, located in Quinto, Ecuador, is a leader in providing neural stem cell therapies, anti aging treatments and therapies utilizing cell replacement, and as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

With over two decades of experience in patient treatment and therapies, American Stem Cell and Anti Aging Center offers hematopoietic stem cell therapies, or stem cells harvested directly from the patient, to improve health. This technology reduces danger of rejection by the body, encouraging and enhancing the healing process.

 Beike Biotech, Shenzhen , China

 

Founded in 2001, Beike Biotech is a leading stem cell research and treatment facility located in Shenzhen city within the state or province of Guangdong, southeastern China. The facility is modern, clean and outfitted with the latest equipment and stem cell technology in the world. The facility in funded through government grants and capital from multiple Chinese universities, making it one of the largest and most productive stem cell research facilities in the region.

 Fortis Hospital, New Delhi, India
 
Fortis, located in New Delhi, is a modern facility and one of India's leading tertiary level healthcare groups, consisting of over 13 hospitals and heart command centers. Fortis Healthcare group is a leader and operates one of the largest cardiac programs in the world.


Common treatments offered in Indian medical markets include cardiac care and surgery, cancer treatment, neurological treatments and procedures and orthopedic care. Indian markets also offer individuals from around the world natural and alternative medical approaches to health and wellness including Ayurvedic care.

Dr. Omar Gonzalez | Integra Medical Center , Nuevo Progreso , Mexico
 
Treating degenerative diseases with ground breaking medical treatments and services including stem cell therapy & integrative medicine. Dr. Omar Gonzalez specializes in placenta stem cell therapies that utilize a multidisciplinary approach to medicine. 


Specializing in placenta stem cell therapy and degenerative diseases, Dr. Gonzalez is a leader in the field of stem cell treatments for Parkinson's Disease, COPD, Diabetes, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, lupus and diabetes, kidney disorders, muscular dystrophy, Chronic infections and fatigue, Tuberculosis, AIDS, Hepatitis C

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What is a stem Cell

What is a Stem Cell?

A special type of "source" or "starter" cell that has the ability to grow into adult tissue.

Stem cells are the foundation for every organ, tissue and cell in the human body. Stem cells may be able to repair or replace damaged tissue, thereby reversing diseases and injuries such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and blood diseases, to name a few.


                         
Are There Different Types of Stem Cell ?

There are two types of stem cells — unlimited stem cells (also known as embryonic stem cells) and limited stem cells (also known as adult stem cells).

Unlimited stem cells are currently obtained with patients' permission from leftover three-day old embryos that would otherwise be discarded from fertility clinics. These embryos are created and exist entirely outside the body. Unlimited stem cells can develop into any kind of cell type or tissue in the body.

Although a patient may need only a few embryos, in the process of creating them, several more are made. The ones which are not implanted in the uterus are eventually discarded. Each year it is estimated that couples undergo 120,000 cycles of fertility treatment using in vitro (outside the body) fertilization (IVF), and from these cycles 7,500 embryos are discarded. Each of these embryos can be used to create a large number of unlimited stem cells.

Limited stem cells are rare cells that can be found in only some developed organs or tissues. Limited stem cells have been successfully used for some time now in bone marrow transplants (either with bone marrow stem cells or umbilical cord blood stem cells) and skin and hair transplants.
There is also another potential way to get embryonic stem cells using an unfertilized egg and an adult cell from the patient. However, this is still being studied (known as somatic cell nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning).

 EmCell

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Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by direct person-to-person contact, by contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth, or by contact with infected feces.

The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease (incubation) ranges from 5 - 35 days (average 7 - 14 days).

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