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Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to automatically regulate blood glucose levels, resulting in too much glucose (a sugar) in the blood. Glucose comes from foods that contain carbohydrate (starches and sugars); for example, breads and cereals, milk and dairy foods, fruits and some vegetables and travels to the muscles and other organs where it is used as fuel. Excess glucose is detoured to the liver where it may be stored for future use. Glucose is the body’s preferred source of energy and our bodies need it to work efficiently, just like a car needs petrol to run.
The blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin, a hormone (or chemical messenger) made in the pancreas. Insulin is the key that glucose needs to enter the body’s cells so that it can be used as fuel. Diabetes
develops when the pancreas stops producing insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or when the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2 diabetes). Insulin injections are necessary to treat Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can
usually be controlled in the first instance by regular exercise and diet. Tablets and eventually insulin injections may be needed as the disease progresses.
The normal blood glucose level ranges between 3.5-7.8 mmol/l. Over time, high blood glucose levels may damage blood vessels and nerves.
These complications of diabetes can cause damage to eyes, nerves and kidneys and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, impotence and foot problems. This damage can happen before an individual knows if they have
diabetes. Studies have shown that if blood glucose and cholesterol levels, and blood pressure are kept within normal limits, the risk of damage to the body is reduced. Therefore, it is important to know if a person has diabetes...
TYPE 1 DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes occurs in about 10-15% of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in people under the age of 30, but can happen at any age. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system eventually destroys the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin (autoimmune response). Specific antibodies may be present in the blood during this time. This process may take several years. It is thought that a virus or chemical may trigger this reaction in people who have a genetic predisposition. Only a small number of people have this genetic risk.
What happens in the body with Type 1 diabetes?
The pancreas no longer makes insulin and so the glucose cannot enter the muscle and other body cells , resulting in a rapid build up of glucose and ketones in the blood stream. The kidneys attempt to wash this excess glucose out of the body so there is an increase in urine produced, and the person becomes very thirsty. If glucose cannot be used by the cells, the body breaks down fat as an alternative energy source. By-products of fat breakdown are chemical called ketones. If too
many ketones accumulate in the blood stream they can cause serious illness, and is a medical emergency.
The onset of Type 1 diabetes may be quite sudden and often the person has rapid and unplanned weight loss over several weeks. In adults it may appear more slowly.
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Replacement of insulin via injections (usually several times a day), balanced with healthy eating and guided by regular monitoring of blood glucose levels . Regular visits to the doctor and other health care professionals (diabetes
nurse educator, dietitian and podiatrist.)
TYPE 2 DIABETES
The majority of people with diabetes have Type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes usually occurs in people over 30 years of age but it may occur in overweight teenagers and children with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes often runs in the family and can be triggered by aspects of lifestyle such as overweight and inactivity. People with Type 2 diabetes are more likely to carry excess weight around the waist and to have high blood pressure. They are also more likely to have raised cholesterol and heart disease. This is called the “metabolic syndrome”
What happens in the body with Type 2 diabetes?
Initially insulin is still produced by the pancreas, but is less effective than normal. This is called insulin resistance and is an inherited characteristic made worse by carrying extra body fat. Because insulin is necessary for glucose to move from the blood stream into the body cells and the liver, excess glucose remains in the blood stream resulting in higher than normal blood glucose levels (BGLs). After several years of diabetes, the pancreas may become “exhausted” and produce less insulin.
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